Key Concepts of Feminism The Nuclear Family

Feminist theorists have examined how emphasis on the nuclear family affects society’s expectations of women. Feminist writers have studied the nuclear family’s effect on women in groundbreaking books such as The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir and The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan. The Rise of the Nuclear Family The phrase nuclear family became commonly known during the first half of the 20th century. Historically, households in many societies had often consisted of groups of extended family members. In a more mobile, post-industrial revolution society, there was a greater emphasis on the nuclear family. Smaller family units could move more easily to find economic opportunities in other areas. In the increasingly developed and sprawling cities of the United States, more people could afford to buy houses. Therefore, more nuclear families lived in their own homes, rather than in larger households. Relevance to Feminism Feminists analyze gender roles, division of labor and society’s expectations of women. Many women of the 20th century were discouraged from working outside the home, even as modern appliances lessened the time required for housework. The transformation from agriculture to modern industrial jobs required one wage earner, usually the man, to leave the home for work at a different location. The emphasis on the nuclear family model often meant that each woman, one per household, was then encouraged to stay home and rear children. Feminists are concerned with why family and household arrangements are perceived as less than perfect or even abnormal if they stray from the nuclear family model.

Womens Roles Women of the Slaveholding South in the...

Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War by Drew Gilpin Faust chronicles the transition of women’s roles and attitudes in the South during the Civil War. The work of Faust does not only deal with the roles of women but also the changing attitudes of men in relation to the status of women in the South. The war itself was integral in the transformation of women and would bring about these changes for the better but would be painful for many who were raised in the subservient culture of southern society. With attitudes and the environment of a world without men, women were forced to change as were the patriarchs of the society who were no longer able to cling to outdated gender roles. Faust points†¦show more content†¦By using personal records Faust lets the reader see into the mind of women during this period, as we see some were more adaptable to the newer roles while others still tried to cling to the world they had known pr e-war. Those who longed for more would not hide their feelings when writing in their personal papers; many would focus their anger on their own gender, this frustration pouring out in their writings. â€Å"The men†¦who are worth something, will the off in their prime; while worthless women, of no value or importance to ourselves or the rest of the world, will live on, useless trash in comparison.† These were the words of Sarah Morgan; in these words we are able to see an awakening in the minds of some women that their prior roles had limited their progression. Faust details numerous accounts of women stepping out of what had become comfortable or normal and being prodded to evaluate themselves and other women and the roles that were imposed on their sex. Throughout the book Faust relies heavily on the voices of women from a range of backgrounds, focusing on those of privilege as well as on those of lower status. This allows the reader to get a greater knowledge of the subject as well as a better understanding of the women of the South. Faust also discusses the growth of women’s groups during the war, institutions that were more prevalent in the north prior to the war but would begin to blossom in theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women During The Civil War839 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom historians who have studied the role of women in the Civil War. The role of women in the Civil War have been both on the home-front and on the war front. During the time of the War Between the States, women took it upon themselves to not only support the men and the cause, but to become soldiers themselves. Women also became involved in politics and nursing the wounded. The archives to support my topic, Women in the Civil War, provide evidence of how women preserved in such a turbulent timeRead MoreWomen Of The American Civil War1499 Words   |  6 PagesIn Mothers of Invention, Drew Gilpin Faust has written a wonderful history of the â€Å"Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War†. This informative study allows the reader to get a look into the life of privileged white women of the south. Faust uses diaries, political documents, newspapers and personal letters, to give the reader to experience things through the eyes and in the words of the women themselves. Faust presents a number of southern women whose lives were changed by the societalRead MoreConfederate Women During Wartime Of American Consciousness1868 Words   |  8 PagesConfederate Women in Wartime In the American history, Civil War takes one of the prominent places due to the significance of it role in formation of American consciousness. The Civil Was of 1861-1865 identified the directions that the nation would take in the future development. Still, despite the importance of this event in the history of the United States, its impact on different spheres of human lives is commonly given less attention than necessary for understanding of the future changes in the

Before he came into his presid... free essay sample

Before he came into his presidency Truman had no knowledge of the Manhattan project. As he learned about this, Trumans main concern was ending the war as fast as he possibly could to save the lives of countless American Troops. Some of the reasons were, a vision on ending the war at the soonest possible moment, the excuse to research into atomic bombs, increased relations with the Soviet Union, and plain and simple just utter hatred and despise for the Japanese. Among the other reasons for Trumans interest in the use of the atomic bomb increased dramatically when Secretary of War Henry Stimson enlightened him on the capability of the bomb that might be as powerful as to be potentially capable of wiping out entire cities and killing people at an unprecedented scale. (13). Truman doesnt even seem to care about the number of lives he was actually about to save. We will write a custom essay sample on Before he came into his presid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I say this in part that when he addresses such statistics hes not talking about Hundreds of thousands but only a mere thousands, which dont get me wrong, is a lot. But at what cost was it to another country who were going to lose up to tens of thousands.Learning that the number of casualties the bombs cause would be manipulated to the public so that it was favorable speak on how the United States thought how much the atomic bomb would affect U.S.- Soviet relations, was whether the United States should attempt to ease differences and allay Soviet suspicions or whether it should try to advance American objectives by intimidating the Soviets. (17) The desire for more close knit relations with the Soviet Union was definitely a factor in the conclusion to use the bombs against Japan. At that very time, the Soviet were going to declare war against Japan and following suit would have apparently strengthened our ties with them forcibly seeing as they were going to need the help of the U.S. in order to win the war due to the opinion we were the much stronger military power.Of course there was a bad taste in the United States mouths left after Pearl Harbor. Although some may see it as a good enough reason for vengeance for such a cowardly attack, its not one of biggest factors for Trumans agenda. But anyone with common sense could use that as the most publicly pressed reason for an excuse to use the bomb, The American public genuinely held hate towards the Japanese and their fury if something was not done in retaliation to the cowardly event. In my eyes the Americans would have settled for a victory in any way shape or form it had come. Everyone is entitled to their own opinions as to whether the bombs were necessary, some even question the morality of such an attack that is capable of wiping out an entire city. That kind of decision shouldnt be made my man or government no matter how bad their offense towards you is. There were so many innocent that paid the price for the actions of someone completely unrelated to them. This alone was seen as morally detestable.Due to the alliance between the Americans and the Soviet one could have concluded the Japanese would have been defeated quickly, making it visible that the atomic bombs would most likely not be deemed necessary.

Napoleon Essays (2919 words) - French Emperors, House Of Bonaparte

Napoleon World History Term paper Napoleon was one of the most influential people in the history of the world. He has affected people throughout the globe in many ways. He rose through the confusion of the French revolution to become Emperor of the French. His goal was to conquer all of Europe. Through out his lifetime he nearly succeeded in his goal. Napoleon was probably one of the greatest military leaders that ever lived. Napoleon Bonaparte, who is also known as the little Corsican, was born on August 15,1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was known as the little Corsican because of his height of 5 feet 2 inches. He had 7 brothers and sisters. His original name was Napoleone Buonaparte in Corsica but it became Napoleon Bonaparte in French. His parents were Carlo (Charles) Buonaparte (1746-1785) and Letizia Ramolino Buonaparte (1750-1836). His original nationality was Corsican-Italian. He hated the French. He thought they were oppressors of his native land. His father was a lawyer, and was also anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a conqueror was he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to a French military government school. He attended Brienne in Paris. While there, the French students teased him. Because of this, Napoleon started having dreams of personal glory and triumph. In 1784 to 1785, Napoleon attended Ecole, Militaire in Paris. That was the place where he received his military training. He studied to be an artillery man and an officer. He finished his training and joined the French army when he was 16 years old. Napoleon was a National Guard for Corsica until 1793 when Corsica declared independence. Napoleon and his family then fled to France. He was then assigned, as a captain, to an army that was approaching Toulon. Napoleon soon took over France. After the French monarchy was overthrown on August 10, 1792, Napoleon decided to make his move up in the ranks. After this, Napoleon started becoming a recognized officer. In 1792, Napoleon was prompted to the rank of captain. In 1793, he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. He seized ground where he could get his guns in range of the British ships. Soon after Toulon fell, Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. In 1795, he saved the revolutionary government by controlling a group of rioting citizens by using a famous technique of his. He loaded a bunch of pellets into a cannon and fired it at the crowd. Napoleon was made commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, and each army he fought got bigger and bigger. This forced Austria and its allies to make peace with France. But after this, Napoleon was relieved of his command. He was poor and was suspected of treason. Napoleon had no friends. No one would have suspected what Napoleon would do next. In 1796, Napoleon was appointed to put down a revolt in Paris. He calmly took complete control of the situation. He had his men shoot all the rebels in the streets. The French government was saved, but they decided to form a new government called the Directory. Under the new government, Napoleon was made commander of the French army in Italy. During this campaign, the French realized how smart Napoleon was. He developed a tactic that worked very efficiently. He would cut the enemy's army in to two parts, then throw all his force on one side before the other side could rejoin them. This method was extremely effective against the Sardinian troops, because he defeated them five times in 11 days. This made the King of Sardinia to try to make peace with France. Napoleon could not be stopped. He was a fast thinker who moved his troops extremely fast. Soon, instead of taking the defensive position, Napoleon started taking the offensive position and thus, he started his conquest of Europe. He started his attack on Austria. It was his first big campaign. During one attack, he showed his bravery by forcing his way across a burning bridge. After that his troops gave him the name Petit Caporal or

Innovation in History How Guns Changed the World

Innovation in History How Guns Changed the World Introduction Our world is changing day by day: lots of scientists try to present numerous innovations, which improve people’s life, make it easier, and finally, help people become more powerful and control other people. Nowadays, the list of innovations, which have changed or are still changing the world and our history, is really long; and guns take not the last place in this list. When we talk about guns, we talk about power, violence, and deaths. It is known that one-third of all Americans have a gun at home, and during 2004, about 30,000 people died because of gunfire (Tonry, 73).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Innovation in History: How Guns Changed the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Our history is closely connected to the development of guns and their contribution among people. Sometimes, people just cannot find enough powers and time to think about the danger that caused by the use of guns; they only realize that a gun is some kind of power, and they should get this power as soon as possible. During a long period of time, guns have changed the world considerably: they help to defend oneself; they make it easier and faster to kill and injure people, very often, innocent people; and they obliterate the border between life and death, for those, who cannot control own actions, thoughts, and movements. First Guns and Their Contribution In fact, it is very difficult to find out when the first gun appeared. That genius, who realized that gunpowder could be propellant and injure, is still unknown. During numerous centuries, people fought against each other with the help of different swords and sabers. However, it was not very easy to use swords during the battles: they were too heavy and rather big. The matchlock is considered to be one of the first useable hand-held guns (History of Guns and Firearms). Soldiers handed their matchlocks on their shoulders, so, it was not difficult for those soldiers to move for long distances. Killing people is not a good thing, however, it is human nature – to kill in order to save own life and win. This is why the contribution of those matchlocks could be regarded as more or less positive aspect: killing people did not take much time, and those, who had to be killed, died in a short period of time and with less suffering. So, one of the first changes of the world, caused by guns, was the ability to kill or injure people within a short period of time. From that period of time, people got less time to think over their actions and the consequences of these actions; they could kill fast and take other person’s life for ever. Guns and Violence It is very difficult to comprehend why so many people know about the negative impact of gun distribution, still continue to sell and promote guns. People realize that the increase of gun prevalence lead to deaths and injuries increasing. However, they do not want to do anything in order to stop creating guns and forbid its using. For so many years, people try to stop violence and provide people with a chance to live safe and sound life. However, the increase of crimes and deaths cannot be stooped till guns are distributed for so many people. â€Å"More guns means more crime† (Malcolm, 219).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This simple truth should make some people to think that their activities encourage other people to choose wrong ways and make bad actions, crimes, and even kill innocent people. If a person has a gun in his/her hand, he/she feels unbelievable power over other people. Lots of psychological aspects influence the decision to shoot or not to shoot. Even simple hand trembling can make the gun shoot, give a birth to violence, and take someone’s life away. One act of violence leads to another act of viol ence, so that violence becomes an integral part of this life. With time, gun violence will be a cultural phenomenon, and it will be quite difficult to control people’s actions and save people from themselves. This is another impact of guns on the world and our history – guns promote violence very often. Gun Control in the World Second Amendment Committee, Joint Together, or Violence Policy Center – all these organizations deal with gun control and other activities, which lead to violence decreasing. People need to be encouraged not to use guns and informed about terrible outcomes of gun usage. The above-mentioned and many other organizations create numerous programs, present informative pieces of writing, and establish numerous centers in order to prevent violence and gun use. Some people find the idea of gun control as a kind of human rights’ violation according to the Second Amendment. However, those people, who agree that the huge part of violence is c aused by guns use, underline that the necessity of gun control is obvious. Some people just do not understand that so frequent use of guns encourage teenagers to use guns and solve own problems or frighten other people. There are lots of rules and orders, which forbid guns selling and distributing to young people, however, clandestine marketing is developing, and lots of young people have a chance to buy a gun at any age. The only thing required is to know the places and not divulge information. Guns change the world in one more way – people start caring about own and other people’s safety and focusing on the development of gun control organizations, however, clandestine commerce puts under a threat all those attempts. Guns in the USA In fact, it becomes a good American tradition to use guns and other types of firearms as a kind of protection, a sport means, or a hunting tool. It is easy to buy a gun for one purpose, but use it for another purpose. In America, there ar e lots of guns cultures, which promote a gun as a means of entertaining or protection. â€Å"Urban minority street cultures, Civil War reenactors, rural white male deer hunters, and survivalists† (Carter, 246) may serve as good examples of organizations, which find it funny and useful to use guns.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Innovation in History: How Guns Changed the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The members of such organization should follow certain instructions and use guns only in certain places. However, no one can be sure that a young son or daughter will never find a gun at home and try to use it just because of own interest. One more significant point about guns in the USA is closely connected to the question of race. Race inequality bothers many Americans; as a result of such inequalities, lots of fights and quarrels take place. Very often, to prove own ideas, people can easily use guns. It is very hard to explain, but when a person takes a gun in hands, some unbelievable power seizes him/her, and this person gets the desirable control over people and a chance to introduce own ideas and points of view. Of course, gun violence is not all about race and ethnicity. Those people, who just do not want to search for compromise by means of talks, believe that a gun is the only way to win an opponent. This is why guns have an ability to change people’s mind and people’s ideas on how to solve problems; and such changes in people will certainly lead to considerable changes in the world history. Guns, Media, and History Without any doubts, media is one of the most influential means during all the times. People watch movies and different TV programs, listen to radio shows, and enjoy music – they learn more about this world, its history, and future forecasts this way. This is why guns in media also have a certain impact on the history and peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s attitude to life. Violence in media is one of the hottest discussions during a long period of time. When a young man watches TV and realizes that a gun can make him more powerful, he tries to do everything possible to find out a gun and use it. By means of TV programs, people get to know how terrible accidents with guns changed the history and influenced our present and future. Kennedy assassination, Dr. Martin Luther King’s murder, Merlin Monroe’s death – media concentrates too much attention on these cases. Is it possible that young people watch these informative programs and realized that one murder may become a sensation? According to these programs and movies, it is quite possible. This is why even by means of media, the use of guns becomes more and more popular and influential for the history. Conclusion People always care about own lives; however, they continue distributing guns and other means of violence. Guns have already changed our history and took so many lives. This is why we should stop gun violence and admit that guns should not have such power over people. People have so many chances to make this world safer and live in peace, and even if guns have already changed our past and our history, let us not to provide guns with a chance to influence our present and our future.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Primary Sources: â€Å"A Brief History of Guns.† History of Guns and Firearms. 4 Sept. 1009. Web. This web site, one of the primary sources, which present reliable photos of guns and other weapons, is devoted to different kinds of guns, their history, and development. In this piece of work, the history of a matchlock and a flintlock is considered here. Clear paragraphs and simple language provide the reader with a chance to learn how gun makers developed new designs to help people use and carry guns. Malcolm, Joyce, L. Guns and Violence: The English Experience. The United States of America: Harvard University Press, 2002. This book is the primary source, as it describes the English experience concerning the use of guns and its further impact on society.The author of this book investigates the idea of gun control and the factors, which influence the development of debates, which are connected to guns in homes. Lots of people find it very useful to carry the gun at home in ord er to be safe; this source is a kind of analyzes of why this experience in the United States may cause negative outcomes. Secondary Sources: Carter, Gregg, L. Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2002. This source is the secondary one, as it presents the results of investigations concerning the matter of how the use of guns influences modern American society. With the help of this book, the reader can learn more about the burning issues about guns and Americans’ attitude to guns and comprehend why so many debates take place around the theme of gun control. Tonry, Michael. The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. In this book, the reader learns more about criminal justice and control policy of crimes. With the help of this secondary source, the reader gets an opportunity to analyze the essence of crime and its outcomes.The fresh perspective, used in this source, allows the reader to get a clear picture concerning the numerous theories about crime and proper justice, why crimes happen and which efforts have to be taken at first in order to prevent these crimes in future.

Significant Figures Example Chemistry Problem

Significant Figures Example Chemistry Problem Here are three examples determining significant figures. When asked to find significant figures, remember and follow these simple rules: Any nonzero digit is significant.A zero between two nonzero digits is always significant.Trailing zeros are significant if they are at the end of a number and to the right of the decimal point.Leading zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. For example, placeholder zeros in the number 0.005 are not significant (only the 5 is significant).If a number ends with a zero, but it is not to the right of a decimal point, it may or may not be significant. Generally, its safest to assume it is not significant. If you take a measurement where the final zero is significant, be sure to include the decimal point to make yourself clear. Significant Figure Example Problem Three students weigh an item using different scales. These are the values they report: a. 20.03 gb. 20.0 gc. 0.2003 kg How many significant figures should be assumed in each measurement? Solution a. 4.b. 3. The zero after the decimal point is significant because it indicates that the item was weighed to the nearest 0.1 g.c. 4. The zeros at the left are not significant. They are only present because the mass was written in kilograms rather than in grams. The values 20.03 g and 0.02003 kg represent the same quantities. Answer In addition to the solution presented above, be advised you can get the correct answers very quickly by expressing the masses in scientific (exponential) notation: 20.03 g 2.003 x 101 g (4 significant figures)20.0 g 2.00 x 101 g (3 significant figures)0.2003 kg 2.003 x 10-1 kg (4 significant figures)

Energy crisis (renewable energy VS Fossil fuel) Research Paper

Energy crisis (renewable energy VS Fossil fuel) - Research Paper Example There are different types of fuel that fall under either fossil or renewable and each has its own distinct characteristics setting it apart from the other. Fossil fuels are those that emanate from changes in the atmosphere from the carboniferous era and entail gas, petroleum and natural gas, where they were formed from high pressure and drastic environmental changes. On the other hand, renewable energy is that which originates from materials that receive continued replenishment from nature and include sunlight, rain, tides, wind and geothermal heat. Fossil fuels Fossil fuels that include coal, petroleum and natural gas have their advantages in the world in which we live, and they have not just began as they have been used since their discovery. Fossil fuels are deemed easily available to any interested party that would like to use them, where they occur in huge quantities. As such, they have been used for many years and in modern times with improved technology; there are attempts to find out more reserves of these fuels. In addition, technology has improved how these fuels can be harvested for use and processed for better use in relation to efficiency and quantity, where it is because of technology that fossil fuels are available in abundant amounts for use by all. Another advantage of fossil fuels lies for energy that they produce in relation to the amount of fuel burnt or consumed to produce energy. Little amounts of fossil fuels are required to produce large amount of energy to power large equipment and machinery that makes life easier. Fossil fuels, by having a composition of carbon and hydrogen molecules, have high stability such that they are not explosive under normal environmental conditions. This further makes them easy to store as they do not even form other compounds when left in storage for extended periods, which makes them easy to transport (Srivastava). One of the biggest advantages of fossil fuels is the ease with which they are extracted from t heir sources, which makes them inexpensive as they are harvested and processed at a relatively low cost, and is then transferred to consumers. Disadvantages of these fuels lie in their makeup, where they release too much heat and toxic gases when combusted such as carbon dioxide, which is a danger to the environment by causing global warming. In addition to this pollution, methods used to curb and control pollution around the globe consume much of the resources that are produced from the use of the fuels, which is a counteractive measure, economically. A major demerit of the use of fossil fuels is oil spills that occur from time to time in the extraction of petroleum from sea beds and leaks in oil tankers. Renewable energy comprises wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro power and biofuels, which are advantageous, but are little used in the world currently despite being the best form of alternative energy. Looking at these sources of energy reveals that they are easily renewed by t he environment continually and are to at risk of running out at all. As such, wind, solar and water as sources of energy can never be depleted as the sun keeps shining meaning it is an eternal source of energy provided they are harnessed efficiently("The 6 Primary Types†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Due to their ease of replenishment, they need little maintenance as a onetime installation is enough with periodic checks to ensure that they are still in working order, and there are not many variables to affect functionality negatively. In addition, they are clean, which is the

Evalue my diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evalue my diet - Essay Example On the other hand, weaknesses of my diet can be observed in the failure to consume adequate amounts of certain crucial components of any diet. This is evident in the low intake of vegetables, which falls below average by not consuming starchy vegetables, which are required for good health, while at the same failing to stick to healthy eating in a consistent manner. This is evidenced by lack of admission to taking three meals a day, which are only taken occasionally and not frequently, while the meals that are taken are taken until I am full. This is a grave admission of a poor diet meaning that I fail to observe healthy eating habits and the failure to eat slowly shows lack of dedication to healthy eating no matter how nutritious a meal is. In addition, the bad habits of my diet are also displayed by the lack of a limiting factor in eating as a form of eliminating stress or as a way of coping with stress. Though done sometimes, eating mindlessly in response to stress portrays a form of irresponsibility in my diet, as it creates a discrepancy in healthy eating. I believe that improvements to my diet could be done through the inclusion of plenty of juice in my diet, reducing sweetened drinks, especially in the juices and other drinks. The drinks also need to be of low caloric value, which implies low sugar drinks and beverages, while making sure that they are low fat as they are as important as water is by having zero calories. Furthermore, in relation to solid meals, there is need to rid my diet of fried foods as such as fries, which are high in calories, while consuming high sugar and fat foods on rare occasions if at all there is need or craving for them. My diet can further be improved through the application of nutrients that are rarely consumed such as dark green vegetables, starchy, red, and orange vegetables that I do not consume on a regular basis. This is because it is not done in a weekly basis that is worth to be considered as appropriate as can also be seen with other crucial nutrients such as vitamin A, D and E. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, I will require making a number of changes in my diet, and these lie especially in relation to calorie intake, which translate to the first modification being the elimination of fried foods and high fat snacks from my diet. With this in mind, it is bound to reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering the amount of fat in the diet and, as a result in the body. In addition, high sugar snacks need to be eliminated or consumed on rare occasions and not sometimes, to eliminate the risk of being obese as these sugary foods contribute to obesity. To meet the recommendations there is need to include high fiber foods to cater for the high sugar diet, while water would serve as the perfect replacement for high sugar snacks and other high calorie and fried foods. In my current lifestyle, there are potential barriers that need to be overcome in order to ge t the recommended dietary measures and conduct. These include the need to allocate more time to my eating so that I do not have to eat in a hurry, the same way that there will be more time in order to have all three meals. This is because, with my current lifest

Investigating Basic Circuits Essay Example for Free

Investigating Basic Circuits Essay Introduction What is an electrical circuit? How can you manipulate components and design a circuit that will do what you want it to? This guided activity will introduce you to some components, tools, and concepts that are fundamental in electronics. It will allow you to investigate and discover: What are voltage, current, and resistance? How are they related to one another? What are some of the basic components that make up simple circuits and what do they do? What are the important characteristics of a circuit and how do I measure different parts of a circuit? How do I measure voltage in a circuit? How does the arrangement of components affect the characteristics of the circuit? How do I work safely with circuits? How can I use calculations to design circuits before I start creating one? Equipment Digital Logic Board (DLB) or breadboard (2) Light emitting diodes (LEDs) (2) 330 Ohm resistors (orange/orange/brown/gold or silver) Digital multimeter (DMM) #22 Gauge solid wire Procedure Follow the instructions to create different types of circuits. As you create each circuit, you will be asked to make measurements and record observations to gain understanding about the circuit and its components. Let us begin by investigating two components that are commonly used in circuits. They are resistors and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Part A: Creating a Circuit and Measuring a Circuit’s Properties 1. A Simple Circuit Arrange the components according to the picture shown. You will need to plug the USB cable from the myDAQ into your computer to provide power to the Protoboard. Notice that the LED has a flat notch on one side. Make sure the notch is  initially oriented on the bottom as shown in the picture. In this arrangement, the flow of conventional current is from the top (5V) to the bottom (0V) through the resistor and the LED. What do you think the role is of the resistor in this circuit? (1a) Components on a Breadboard (1b) Circuit Diagram In a circuit, the flow of conventonal current can be described as a positive charge moving through a complete circuit path (VCC to GND). Can you trace the flow of conventional current in both of the above pictures? 2. With the LED illuminated, flip the direction of the LED on the breadboard (notch on top now), and then flip it back to its original position (notch on bottom). What does your observation tell you about diodes (and LEDs)? 3. Using the DMM to Measure Values Making sure that the RED lead is plugged into (V) and the black lead is plugged into (COM) on the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM), turn the DMM on to direct current voltage range 0-600V or first click (see 3a). Place the RED DMM lead on the top of the resistor, and the black lead on the bottom of the LED. Note the reading on the DMM. Now switch the DMM leads. (3a) Digital Multimeter DMM(3b) Reading voltage across the resistor and LED What did you notice about the value on the DMM when you switched the leads? 4. Now place the DMM leads across the circuit as you did initially in picture (3b) and turn the DMM to the next smallest voltage range (0-200V). You may need a classmate to help you. Note the value on the DMM and then turn one more click to the next smallest ranges (0-20V). What is happening on the display with each click, as the range you are measuring gets smaller and smaller? 5. Turn one last click of the DMM to read the range (0-2V). What happened and why? What was the most accurate measurement were you able to make of the voltage across the resistor and LED? 6. Set the DMM to the range that will give you the most accurate voltage  measurement and touch the lead across the two ends of the red wire. Note the reading on the DMM. Now touch the leads across the two ends of the black wire. Note the reading. (6a) (6b) Voltage (ΔV=Vf-Vi) is a description of a components potential to do work. (1 volt means the component could do 1 joule of work for every coulomb of charge that passes though it (1V= 1J/1C). In order for a component to do work, there must be a difference in the potential across the component to do work (often called a potential difference). Why do you think the reading was the same for both of these sections of the circuit? What you have just observed is exactly why birds can land on high power lines unharmed. 7. In Step 3 you measured the voltage across the resistor and the LED combined. Now touch the leads across both ends of the resistor. Note the reading on the DMM. (a) Voltage across LED and Resistor (b) Voltage across Resistor Only Can you guess the reading you will see when you touch the DMM leads across the LED only? Were you correct? Why did you guess that value? 8. You might be asking why we need a resistor in this circuit. Is it doing any work? Some components have limitations on how much electrical current can pass through them or how much voltage they should have across them. We can calculate the relationships between Voltage, Current, and Resistance for a component using Ohm’ Law (V=IR). Let’s assume the voltage you saw across the 330â„ ¦ resistor was roughly 3V when the circuit was active. What is the conventional current (measured in Amps) traveling through the resistor according to Ohm’s Law? In this arrangement, the electrical current has only one path through the components (top to bottom in the picture). These components can be described as being in series with each other. The amount of current flowing through an LED must each be equal in the same path. Warning: Do not attempt to verify the current in the circuit at this time using the DMM. While the DMM can  handle this amount of current, you must learn how to use the ammeter portion of the DMM properly to protect it from blowing a fuse. Shorting voltage sources is dangerous and can damage the DMM. Part B: Series and Parallel Circuits 9. These two identical 330â„ ¦ resistors are in series with each other. There is only one path through the circuit from the power source to the ground. In this diagram, the power source is a 9V battery. One end of the battery has 9V of potential to do work (positive terminal-top). The other end of the battery has zero potential to do work (negative terminal/ground-bottom). (a) Based on your observations, what would you expect the voltage read if you touched the DMM across both R1 and R2? (b) Due to the fact that R1 and R2 are identical, what would you guess is the voltage across each resistor is individually? Why? (c) We can actually replace these two resistors with one resistor that would have the same impact on the circuit. (This theoretical resistor is called an equivalent resistor). What would the value of this equivalent resistor have to be in Ohms (â„ ¦)? 10. Create this series circuit on your breadboard. With both LEDs illuminated, remove one of the LEDs from the circuit path. What happened and why? 11. You can try 3 LEDs in series but none will light up. Why do you think that is? 12. Components in a circuit can also be arranged in parallel. Create this parallel circuit on your breadboard. With both LEDs illuminated, what happens if you remove one of the LEDS from the circuit path? 13. Using the diagram shown to you in Step 9 for series circuit as a reference, can you draw a circuit diagram showing 2 resistors in parallel?  (Draw circuit below) 14. In a series circuit all component have the same current (Amps) flowing them (even if the resistors have different values. That is not the case for components in parallel with each other. What do components in parallel share in common? 15. Based on your observations and what you have learned about parallel circuits, use Ohm’s Law (V=IR) to calculate the current in each of the 3 resistors? Imagine you add more two more resistors (R4 and R5) in parallel. For each new path to the battery you create, what do you think that does to the total amount of current going into and out of the battery? Conclusion 1. Describe the proper way to place the DMM leads and the steps you use to attain the most precise measurement value for voltage across components using a Digital Multimeter (DMM). 2. If the value on the DMM is negative, what does that tell you about the orientation of the DMM leads in relation to the flow of conventional current? 3. LEDs and resistors transfer electrical energy into light and thermal energy. What is an important characteristic about LEDs (and diodes) that make it unique compared to a resistor? 4. In your own words, describe what it means for components to be in series with each other. What characteristic do components in a series always share in common? (Voltage, Current, or Resistance) 5. In your own words, describe what it means for components to be in parallel with each other. What characteristic do components in parallel always share in common? (Voltage, Current, or Resistance) Going Further 6. In this investigation you were introduced to the idea of equivalent resistance (replacing multiple resistors in series with one that does the same job. Equivalent resistance for a series circuits can be shown as a simple mathematical expression. How would you express this relationship to the total resistance in the circuit mathematically? 7. A theoretical equivalent resistor can be placed in parallel circuits and shown mathematically as well. This relationship is a little less straight forward than equivalent resistance in series circuits. With a little research, can you determine how the equivalent resistance for this parallel circuit would be expressed mathematically? We will expand our understanding on these concepts in later activities.

The First Step to Accept Immigrants in Japan Essay -- Japanese Immigra

"For many decades, Japan was the only advanced industrial country in the world that did not rely on unskilled foreign labor" (Tsuda 687). However, because the shrinking and aging population is an upcoming serious problem for Japan, the demand for foreign workers has increased. The U.S. is a great example of how to take the immigrants’ help to drive an economy. Primarily, the U.S. is a nation of immigrants, and it is known to be the multiracial and multicultural successful country. One of their ideologies is no discrimination against any groups. Neither legal nor illegal immigrants are discriminated against. Their children are given U.S. citizenship, and they can assimilate better in the multicultural society. On the other hand, Japan has a fundamentally different structure of society and has different ideologies from the U.S. Japan is highly known for â€Å"the country’s economic miracle to its â€Å"one ethnic group, one language society† (Solinger 457). This miracle has structured Japan with "a strong, historically-derived ideology emphasized racial homogeneity, which shores up the national bias against outsiders† (Solinger 457). Therefore, Japan is afraid that the foreign workers, "those who work in a foreign country without initially intending to settle there", will become immigrants, "one who comes to another country for the purpose of permanent residence" (Webster dictionary). Japan will be one of the "[m]any countries [that] can’t live without foreign workers—but don’t want to live with them. The message to unskilled migrants is almost always: get the job done and get lost" (Silverman 60). In this paper, with my hope to lessen the discrimination against outsiders in the near future, I will examine why Japanese hesitate to accept imm... ...panese starts seeing that foreign workers will not settle in Japan illegally, not cause educational issues, and will not hold animosity toward to Japanese, I believe their negative perspectives of outsiders will change to positive. On top of this positive foundation between Japanese and outsiders, they should finally be able to build on multiracial and multicultural successful society. With this achievement, it is the time for Japan to loosen the restriction on foreign workers and to live with immigrants peacefully. Therefore, after examining why Japanese hesitate to accept immigrants and also how they can manage numbers of upcoming foreign workers, my conclusion is to make restrictions on acceptance of foreign workers. The restrictions like Hirata's two suggestions is the first step to open their homogeneous society to the multiracial and multicultural success. The First Step to Accept Immigrants in Japan Essay -- Japanese Immigra "For many decades, Japan was the only advanced industrial country in the world that did not rely on unskilled foreign labor" (Tsuda 687). However, because the shrinking and aging population is an upcoming serious problem for Japan, the demand for foreign workers has increased. The U.S. is a great example of how to take the immigrants’ help to drive an economy. Primarily, the U.S. is a nation of immigrants, and it is known to be the multiracial and multicultural successful country. One of their ideologies is no discrimination against any groups. Neither legal nor illegal immigrants are discriminated against. Their children are given U.S. citizenship, and they can assimilate better in the multicultural society. On the other hand, Japan has a fundamentally different structure of society and has different ideologies from the U.S. Japan is highly known for â€Å"the country’s economic miracle to its â€Å"one ethnic group, one language society† (Solinger 457). This miracle has structured Japan with "a strong, historically-derived ideology emphasized racial homogeneity, which shores up the national bias against outsiders† (Solinger 457). Therefore, Japan is afraid that the foreign workers, "those who work in a foreign country without initially intending to settle there", will become immigrants, "one who comes to another country for the purpose of permanent residence" (Webster dictionary). Japan will be one of the "[m]any countries [that] can’t live without foreign workers—but don’t want to live with them. The message to unskilled migrants is almost always: get the job done and get lost" (Silverman 60). In this paper, with my hope to lessen the discrimination against outsiders in the near future, I will examine why Japanese hesitate to accept imm... ...panese starts seeing that foreign workers will not settle in Japan illegally, not cause educational issues, and will not hold animosity toward to Japanese, I believe their negative perspectives of outsiders will change to positive. On top of this positive foundation between Japanese and outsiders, they should finally be able to build on multiracial and multicultural successful society. With this achievement, it is the time for Japan to loosen the restriction on foreign workers and to live with immigrants peacefully. Therefore, after examining why Japanese hesitate to accept immigrants and also how they can manage numbers of upcoming foreign workers, my conclusion is to make restrictions on acceptance of foreign workers. The restrictions like Hirata's two suggestions is the first step to open their homogeneous society to the multiracial and multicultural success.

What Continues to Make Othello Worthy of Study

William Shakespeare's classic tragedy, ‘Othello’ written in approximately 1603, continues to be studied and appreciated even now in modern society, more than four hundred years after it was written. Apart from the obviousness of Shakespeare’s ability to use diction to draw in the audience, ‘Othello’ has many qualities which allow it to be interpreted and re-interpreted through time. It can relate to any audience and context because its varied themes, values and ideas, remain relevant to all societies making it possible for anyone to relate to ‘Othello’ on some level. This, along with Shakespeare’s depiction of common human emotions, and his ability to portray these in such a realistic manner continues to make ‘Othello’ worthy of critical study. The universality of Shakespeare’s themes are evident not only in ‘Othello’ but in almost all of his works. The most apparent theme in the text is that of jealousy. Iago importantly warns, ‘O, beware, my lord, of Jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on’ (act 3, scene 3). This warning is directed at Othello, but is also important for Roderigo and Iago himself. Although Iago could be called one of the most diabolical antagonist/villains in literature, his actions are spurred by such common human emotions; jealousy and greed. Jealousy acts as a great literary device in the text because it is an extremely universal emotion which almost all living creatures are capable of feeling, and this gives the audience an emotional attachment to the characters and plot. It allows the audience to feel sympathy for the characters. Othello’ plays with the jealous nature of the characters, such as Iago’s envy of power and position, along with his suspicions about his wife. These things encourage the plot, and initiate the series of events to unfold during the text. Through Iago, Shakespeare conveys the lengths to which a man will go to achieve his objective. Iago’s manipulativeness causes Othello to become a victim of unfounded jealousy, and this drives the entire plot. Furthermore, Iago’s hatred and jealousy is fueled by his racism. The audience is constantly reminded of Othello’s colouring through the character’s dialogue, motives and actions. Shakespeare creates vulgar visual imagery with the metaphor, â€Å"Very now, an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe. † (act 1, scene 1) . Unfortunately, racism and prejudice are common throughout history as minorities and groups are deemed lower than others, and this continues still to this day. Division and stereotyping of groups due to race, sex, sexuality and ability have existed through the ages, and unfortunately will continue to exist. Another discernible theme in ‘Othello’ is love. This emotion too is universal emotion, and the impulsiveness and compulsion to disobey family that love can generate is shown through Desdemona’s willingness to deliberately disobey her father in order to secretly marry Othello. Romance today is one of the most popular literary genres, and can be enjoyed by all ages, in all societies. Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ has been adapted to suit modern society such as in the film ‘O’, and interpreted in different media, including dramatical performances, opera, ballet, television shows and films. All of these provide different interpretations of the text and demonstrate the adaptability of ‘Othello’. Shakespeare’s poetic and beautiful language and his use of themes such as love, power, revenge, war and jealousy are timeless. His depiction of human ideas and paths of action are also timeless, as humans basic senses will remain the same. These factors, compounded with Shakespeare’s ability to continually challenge oncoming generations, both in the literature and dramatical sense, make ‘Othello’ timeless and worthy to continue to be studied in modern society and after.

Active Involvement

Active involvement is being involved and with on camps events like clubs sports teams and drama productions like acting in a play singing or playing an instrument. I have been involved in all these fields. For example I worked with the drama production class setting up the play â€Å"I hate hamlet† that went on this semester. I was in charge of the light and sound cues that were in the play. I really enjoyed my time working on this play. I learned a lot from the different people that were working with us.Actor’s backstage managers and the props people. Working together to put a play was a very hard job; we had to work as a team helping each other with different chores. We faced a lot of conflicts, which was very normal for a drama class to suffer from but in the end we put up the play and everybody enjoyed it. I am also on the volleyball team of auk. I am learning a lot. It is a must to work as whole not as single individuals when you’re on a team. Communication is key.Without communication we would have chaos on our team, and we wouldn’t be able to play properly. This impacted my college experience by teaching me important qualities that I will use later in life. For example, thinking before speaking, Communication, respect and patience. I got into a fight with my drama professor because I used to have a very bad way of communicating with my peers. I am a vey low tempered person, and that caused me to have problems with the team I was working with.But with time I learned that not everything has to work my way even if it was the right way, but I must listen to others views and opinions and take them into consideration before taking action on my own thoughts. This experience will help me a lot in the future by making me a better person with dealing with matters that involve dissension taking and organizing events. I am very thankful to this opportunity that showed me a better quality in me that I’m still working on, making it b etter everyday.I recommend freshman’s to get involved in sports and drama classes because to me success can be measured by how well a persons social intelligence is, a person that knows how to deal with certain situations and solves the conflict without making a big scan is a successful person and will see him or her self in the future as a leader. Sports will get you involved with a healthy lifestyle and gets you engaged with different people with different backgrounds and lets you create contacts around the collage campus.

MITOSIS essays

MITOSIS essays Mitosis is the nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei. It is also a phase in cell cycle in which the microtubular apparatus assembles, binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister chromatids apart. Mitosis is the essential step in the separation of the two daughter genomes. Mitosis is subdivided into four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the formation of a microtubule spindle along the future axis of division, the shortening and thickening of the chromosomes and their movement toward the equator of the spindle. The nucleolus also starts to disappear and the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis. In this stage microtubules become organized into a spindle and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindles equatorial plane. When viewing this with a light microscope the chromosomes appear to arrange themselves in a circle along the inner circumference of the cell. Anaphase is the next stage of mitosis. In this stage the sister chromatids begin to separate and the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. Kinetochore microtubules shorten, polar microtubules elongate, and the cell begins to prepare for cytokinesis. The final stage of mitosis is telophase. In this stage the spindle apparatus disables, as the microtubules are broken down into tubulin monomers that can be used to construct the cytoskeletons of the daughter cells. The sister chromatids can now be called chromosomes because each has its own centromere. The chromosomes soon begin to uncoil into the more extended form that permits gene expression. Mitosis is now complete at the end of telophase. The eukaryotic cell has separated its replicated genome into two nuclei positioned at opposite ends of the cell. ...

Pig-Footed Bandicoot - Facts and Figures

Pig-Footed Bandicoot - Facts and Figures Name: Pig-Footed Bandicoot; also known as Chaeropus ecaudatus Habitat: Plains of Australia Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-100 years ago) Size and Weight: About six inches long and a few ounces Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Rabbit-like ears; narrow snout; long, spindly legs About the Pig-Footed Bandicoot As you can guess from its name, the Pig-Footed Bandicoot was one of the oddest prehistoric marsupials ever to grace Australias vast interior. This tiny plains-dweller had long, rabbit-like ears, a narrow, opossum-like snout, and exceptionally spindly legs with strangely toed feet, which gave it a comical appearance when hopping, walking or running. As far as is knownsince the last living individual was glimpsed over 100 years agothe Pig-Footed Bandicoot nested during the day in grass-lined burrows, and emerged at night to feed on grass seeds (though specimens in captivity enjoyed a more omnivorous diet). Its not clear exactly why the Pig-Footed Bandicoot went extinct. This tiny mammal managed to coexist, more or less, with the Australian aborigines for tens of thousands of years; most likely it was the much different farming practices of later European settlers that eroded its habitat and sources of food (it didnt help that the cats and dogs the settlers brought with them made quick snacks of the Pig-Footed Bandicoot, at least those individuals too slow to make a hasty escape). During the nineteenth century, a few European naturalists tried to study the rapidly dwindling Pig-Footed Bandicoot before it disappeared off the face of the earth. Amusingly, one adventurer went to great pains to obtain two live specimens from a tribe of Aboriginesand then was forced to eat them when he ran out of food! (See a slideshow of 10 Recently Extinct Marsupials)

Breastfeeding in Public or in Uniform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Breastfeeding in Public or in Uniform - Essay Example However, this is difficult for military mothers to follow because of the strict conditions their job entails. The military must hold to a certain standard, which is acceptable, but denying the basic human feed to breastfeed goes against all understanding and compassion. Women in uniform should be allowed to breastfeed because almost every other occupation affords a mother the right to breastfeed. Breastfeeding is thought of as impolite by a large percentage of the population because it goes against common decency. Because of this, a certain stigma has been attached to mothers who breastfeed in public. Some mothers choose other means to feed their baby, and that is all well and good, but shouldn’t women have the right to choose whether to breastfeed or not? Military mothers should be treated no differently from breastfeeding women of any other occupation; actually, they should be given more rights because of the important job that they are doing. Allowing military women to breastfeed, where appropriate, would help them to feel safe in their job because they would know that their baby would be looked after and cared for. We now live in the 21st century, so there is no excuse for being kept back in the dark ages. In fact, it was in the 1990s that activism regarding breastfeeding led to women becoming aware of their rights to be able to breastfeed in public, and a number of laws were passed that protected this right (Terry). Why should breastfeeding military mothers be treated any differently? Military women should not be able to breastfeed because it would take away from the important jobs that they are involved in. The military is no place for a baby due to the high demands and pressure that is placed on almost everyone involved, and adding a baby to that mix would only worsen the situation. Also, the military is

Googles Organizational Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Googles Organizational Culture - Research Paper Example Google has always stood up for its role while bringing about a difference on how people are able to access information with ease. Before its entrance into the market, a variety of search engines existed such as Yahoo but has for one reason prevailed above them as most people seek its services in preference to others. This is due to its efficiency as well as relevance in the market now that it has tried to adopt a model keen on capitalizing on all the present opportunities in the market. One of the greatest advantages derived from it is due to its speed and reliability. While trying to keep abreast with technology a move to hire the best skill was welcomed. So as to maintain their motivation a step to reward staff has helped to a great deal now that all are trying their best while enhancing the overall outcome. The management thus no longer needs to struggle more as is the norm in most organizations leading to a relaxed workplace sparing creativity as all pursue what they love. In mos t formal organization one is expected to put on an official dress; casuals dress is sometimes worn only on festive seasons but isn’t the case in Google owing to staffs putting on casuals at any one point. Some are likely to be seen with skating boards as well as other gaming types of equipment and tools and has to a great extent helped while creating a relaxed mood (Wakefield, Blegen, Uden-Holman, Vaughn, Chrischilles & Wakefield). It thus emerges that perhaps the best way to encourage productivity is by availing such an environment.

Cartier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cartier - Essay Example The stimuli related to the brand that evokes various behavioural responses of the consumers are due to various features of the brand which are namely, the communications of the brand, the packaging of the products offered under the brand names and the market environment created by the brand strategies of the company (Aaker, 1996, p.47). Brand experience is of high importance to the companies in today’s market as the brand experience enjoyed by the customers creates an attachment towards preferred brands and hence, develops brand loyalty. In order to sustain business growth in the competitive markets, the companies put additional focus in including brand experience in their market strategies. By acquiring a loyal set of customer through brand experience, the companies have been able to acquire and maintain substantial market share in the industry. This piece of work includes a review of the literature on brand experience and the marketing strategies adopted by the companies in order to develop their brand experience (Aaker, 1997, p.352). The aspect of brand experience has been discussed in context to Cartier luxury brand. Literature Review The age of globalization has opened up the markets in several economies and the companies have expanded in the global markets in order to tap the potential market demand. The increase in market competition has increased the bargaining power of the customers. Over the years, the companies have observed changing trends in the customer behaviour in accepting brands from the available market options. Thus understanding the customer behaviour is important from the point of view of the companies in order to sustain their market shares. Brand experience has emerged as an important consideration for addressing the behaviour of the customers and their responses to various brands that they use in today’s competitive market. The behaviour of the customers related to brand experience depends on not one but several features o f the brand like brand personality, brand community, brand attachment, brand trust and brand love (Ariely, 1998, p.36). The brand experience could be conceptualised as the generation of feelings, sensations, emotion of the customers in response to the brand related stimuli. The concept of brand experience emerges with the classification of customer’s experience into sensory, affective, intellectual, behavioural features of the customer’s behaviour (Schmitt, Zarantonello and Brakus, 2009, p.65). The feelings generated in the customer due to the sensory stimulus refer to the customer’s response to the aesthetic features of the product. The sensory emotions within the customer are generated by the focus on beautifying the product through better packaging. The better packaging in comparison to others provides as sense of assurance and belief to the consumer. The affective component of brand experience generates different customer behaviour as a result of the underly ing belief and ideas of the customer on the particular brand. The affective behaviour of the customer is based on the direct and indirect interaction that the customer had in relation to the bran

GHR Gene Variant Influence on Craniofacial Morphology

GHR Gene Variant Influence on Craniofacial Morphology â€Å"I526L† Growth hormone receptor gene variant and its effect on craniofacial morphology. Abstract OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of GHR (Growth Hormone Receptor) gene variant (I526L) on craniofacial morphology. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: The department of orthodontics, D.A.P.M.R.V.Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India. 30 randomly selected subjects, aged 20-30 years who were patients at D.A.P.M.R.V.Dental College Hospital, Bangalore. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA was extracted from venous blood samples of all the subjects. The extracted DNA samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction, where amplification of the selected gene segments was done and later these amplified products were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism using HpyCH4V restriction enzyme. Results were documented in specific bands with gel documentation centre. The effects of the gene variant on the 4 craniofacial morphologic parameters of anterior cranial base length, maxillary length, mandibular ramus length/height and mandibular length were obtained from lateral cephalograms and tabulated. Appropriate statistical analysis was carried out. RESULTS: The results indicated that the subjects with I526L variant of GHR gene had a significantly greater mandibular ramus height. GHR gene variant I526L could be a genetic marker for mandibular ramus height. KEY WORDS: Craniofacial morphologic parameters, Growth hormone receptor, Polymerase chain reaction, Restriction fragment length polymorphism. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The key to the determination of the etiology of malocclusion, and its treatability lies in the ability to differentiate the effect of genes and environment on the craniofacial skeleton in a particular individual. There are numerous ways in which the variant I526L could affect GHR activity. In addition to potentially causing direct changes in protein function, the variants could affect regulation of GHR, and in either case the variant could act singly or in combination with other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The effect of these SNPs on GHR function and downstream gene expression should be clarified by further study. A study of gene polymorphisms in GHR would be useful in understanding genetic influences on craniofacial morphological determinants and helps in diagnosis and treatment in orthodontics to be delivered at a molecular level. INTRODUCTION: Growth hormone (GH) is a craniofacial morphologic determinant. Genetic influences are important in the determination of mandibular morphology, and growth hormone receptor (GHR) is believed to have an important influence on the growth of craniofacial bones. Responses to systemic GH therapy are time and site dependent in the craniofacial region, increasing growth, particularly in mandibular ramus. The growth hormone receptor gene is located on chromosome 5p13.1-p12 and is 87 Kb long, with 10 exons encoding 620 amino acids .1 Cartilage-mediated growth in the mandibular condyle is known to play an important role in the determination of growth and morphology of the mandible. GH treatment accelerates craniofacial growth, especially in the mandibular condyle where cartilage-mediated growth occurs. GH receptors have been shown to be present in the mandibular condyle.2 A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or a gene variant or a missense mutation is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide A, T, C, or G in the genome differs between members of a species or between paired chromosomes in an individual.Sequence analysis showed that 6 SNPs/gene variants were identifiable in the GHR gene in Chinese population, out of which C422F, P477T, I526L, and P561T are SNPs with significant effects.1 The purpose of this study was to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (I526L) in GHR gene and examine the relationship between GHR gene variant I526L and craniofacial morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 30 randomly selected subjects, aged 20-30 years who were patients at D.A.P.M.R.V.Dental College Hospital, Bangalore. After clearance from ethical committee, venous Blood samples (2ml) were obtained from the subjects with informed consent. Lateral cephalograms of these subjects obtained as a part of routine treatment protocol were used. Method of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction fragment length polymorphism was employed to deduce the genotypes. After collection and storage of blood samples, genomic DNA was isolated and Polymerase Chain Reaction Test was performed using specific primers (rs6180). This was followed by digestion with Restriction Enzymes HpyCH4V.Cephalometric measurements were carried out on standardized lateral cephalograms using Burstone analysis norms3 to measure the craniofacial parameters of anterior cranial base length, maxillary length, mandibular ramus length/height and mandibular length. The results were computed by correlating PCR results with the cephalometric craniofacial measurement values. Statistical analysis using Z test for proportions was carried out to test the level of significance. The Statistical software namely SPSS 11.0 and Systat 8.0 were used for the analysis of the data. RESULTS: The initial PCR product of the GHR gene variant I526L was obtained for the thirty subjects. The size of this PCR product was 602bp. Photograph 1: Initial PCR Product of GHR gene variant I526L (602bp). This was then subjected to digestion with the specific restriction enzyme HpyCH4V for I526L. After digestion, the 602 bp products were completely digested in 16 subjects whereas 14 subjects showed incomplete/no digestion. So the presence of variant I526L was shown in 14 subjects and absence of variant I526L in 16 subjects. Association of the presence or absence of variant I526L with increased, normal and decreased measurements (when compared with norms) of all four craniofacial parameters were tabulated. Table 1: Table comparing the P-values of samples with presence of I526L variant with respect to normal v/s increased, normal v/s decreased and increased v/s decreased mandibular ramus length Graph 1:Presence and absence of variant I526L in samples with normal,increased and decreased ramus height. Out of the four craniofacial parameters investigated association of presence of variant with mandibular ramus height was found to be statistically significant(P=0.002,P DISCUSSION: In the Human Gene Mutation Database, 56 different GHR gene mutations, including 32 missense and nonsense mutations, have been registered.4 In a few reports concerning the effect of GHR gene mutations on craniofacial growth, Chinese Han individuals with a genomic polymorphism at codon 526 of the GHR gene had a greater mandibular ramus length. Presence of variant I526L was seen in 46.67% of the samples. This is in accordance with a study done in Chinese population which showed I526L to have the highest heterozygosity of all the variants i.e 47.6%.1 A significant association was seen with presence of I526L variant and increased ramus height. (P=0.002, 1,5 Evaluation of site specific relationship between various craniofacial morphological determinants and the variant I526L showed significant association of increased ramus height with presence of I526L and this is in accordance with the study done by Zhou et al in Chinese population.1,5 This is also in accordance with a study done on 39 cephalometric variables which are under strong genetic control which showed strong genetic correlation with the vertical parameters.6Since mandibular ramus is the only vertical parameter included in the study it is seen to have a significant correlation with the variants. Further studies with all the four SNPs i.e. C422F, P477T, P561T and I526L can be carried out for a more detailed analysis of their influence on craniofacial morphology . CONCLUSION: This study indicates that subjects with I526L variant of GHR gene had a significantly greater mandibular ramus height. Influence of I526L is site specific as presence of I526L has an influence on increasing ramus height out of the four craniofacial parameters.GHR gene variant I526L could be a genetic marker for mandibular ramus height.

Hemp Legalization Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Drug Essays

Hemp Legalization THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT The purpose of this report is to show the need to reform the present marijuana/hemp law in the United States in order to make hemp available for industrial purposes. The first thing that I will do is define marijuana and hemp in order to avoid confusion. An explanation of how the present marijuana/hemp law originated will be given after that. Then I will define and describe the present law concerning marijuana and hemp. I will then define the specific aspect of the marijuana/hemp law that I feel needs to be changed. Some industrial and environmental needs will then be listed. I will then demonstrate how the industrial and environmental needs of the United States can be fulfilled. THE DEFINITIONS OF MARIJUANA AND HEMP There is a large amount of confusion about the distinction between marijuana and hemp. Hemp is an actual plant that was originally located in Asia. It can be used for many purposes. The hemp plant is most commonly used for extraction of the drug marijuana. Marijuana is a drug obtained from the flowering tops, stems, and leaves of the hemp plant. It is a drug with hallucinogenic properties that people smoke in order to get high (www.encyclopedia.com). HOW THE PRESENT MARIJUANA LAW ORIGINATED The technical name of the present law outlawing marijuana is the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. It originated in a very corrupt manner. Before the drug of marijuana was common, the hemp plant was used for industrial purposes on a small scale. The production of products with hemp was still a new process, and the process didn?t get a chance to fully develop before the hemp plant became illegal. The drug of marijuana first earned its reputation as an intoxicant in the... ...es, or they should start over and write a new law. The changes should be made because of the things that I discussed in this report: the law was passed under corrupt circumstances, the product of hemp is not being used for industrial purposes, and hemp is a very environment friendly product. Works Cited Gochmanosky, Nicole. "Hemp/Marijuana Legalization-Its Time Has Come." 27 Oct 1999. 2 pp. Available www: http://www.sandi.net Scotty J. "Legalize." 29 Nov 1999. 1 pp. Available www: http://www.legalize.com "Marijuana Tax Act of 1937." 27 Oct 1999. 1 pp. Available www: http://www.altereduniv.com "Marijuana." 27 Nov 1999. 1 pp. Available www: http://www.encyclopedia.com "Reefer Madness." 27 Oct 1999. 1 pp. Available www: http://www.dvddiscounts.com "Still Crazy After All These Years." 27 Oct 1999. 4 pp. Available www: http://www.norml.org

Analysis Of Nigel Driffield Research Study Essay

Nigel Driffield has made a research on the impact in indirect employment due to inflow of foreign direct investments [FDI] in U. K. In his research paper, the author has examined the effect of local employment associated with foreign inward investment in UK. According to author, a foreign manufacturer who has entered into UK will naturally have a slight edge over the existing manufacturers as they may have enhanced productivity technology as compared to domestic sector. Further, in his study, the author revealed that FDI not only created market disequilibrium in the UK’s domestic sector but also created an employment substitution of 20 percent of all the jobs generated due to FDI. It is to be noted that since 1980, UK is the largest recipient of FDI in European Union. [EU]. Between 1984 and 1991, it attracted about 42 percent of total Japanese investment in EU and about 21 percent of all US FDI since 1987. FDI comprises about one fifth of total investment in UK industry. For instance, since 1987, UK received about 220 billion by way of inflow as FDI. According to Nigel Driffield, FDI has created about 15% of all employment in UK manufacturing sector and it has appended over 23 per cent of all value –added. (Driffield 1999) Since there is a decline in employment in UK manufacturing sector from 1980, UK has encouraged FDI flow into its country. It is to be noted that FDI flow will be advantageous to a country’s economy as it will create employment , technology transfer , increase in productivity and increase in exports and as a result ,an overall increase in country’s gross domestic product [GDP] . Thus, free flow of FDI will create both direct and indirect employment opportunities in a country. It is to be observed that empirical studies carried over by Young et al [1994] , Neven and Siotis [1993], Dunning [1988] on the impact of FDI has found out that FDI flow has its impact on employment generation and regional development. Further, it enhanced allocative efficiency in the economy and also improved the balance of trade and exports of the recipient country . Dunning [1988] in his eclectic theory, Dunning have observed that FDI will bring new or superior product or some firm specific advantage. David Lyons [1991] has concluded that FDI brings productivity advantage and he estimated that productivity advantage is at least 20 percent more than that of domestic sector. Further, Blomstrorm [1989] and Haddad and Harrison [1993] found that FDI has resulted in operation of new plant and thus resulted in advanced technology transfer to the host country. [Dunning, J. H. & Narula, R 1996). However, Nigel Driffield has pondered that as far as UK is concerned, no empirical study has attempted to find out the extent to which flow of inward investment may have a detrimental impact on U. K industry especially in the manufacturing firms with a distinct productivity advantage. The author is of the opinion that it is pertinent to study how FDI in UK has affected the employment position of UK-owned manufacturing companies. Since the foreign manufacturer in UK has productivity advantage, it is claimed by Davies and Lyons[1992 ]that such foreign manufacturing companies will normally pay wages above the industry standard and according to Driffield [1996], there was wage differential up to 7 per cent in UK. (Driffield 1999) According to Nigel Driffield, if there is penetration by foreign manufacturers in a country, it will result in prevalence of high-wage paying, high-productivity firms and hence, ex ante, it will increase wages in domestic sector. To avoid a rise in employee turnover, local firms are compelled to pay more wages to keep employees in high spirit. This will have cyclic effect of increase in wage cost and reduction in employment opportunities. Hence, Nigel comes to a conclusion that a foreign investor with productive advantage will be prepared to pay above-average salary and hence there will be a reduction in domestic employment. According to Nigel, FDI flow in UK will have the following impact: o A decline in employment in the UK-owned sector. o An increase in domestic wage. Thus, UK firms which are compelled to pay increased wages may initiate labour / capital substitution in an effort to enhance productivity factor. However, these initiatives may result in reduction in employment and again, ex ante raises labour productivity. It is to be noted that degree of increase in labour productivity may negate any loss in UK employment over the long run. Nigel Driffield is of the view to study impact of FDI in UK, variables like employment, labour productivity and wages in the domestic sector of UK economy has to be taken into account. According to Marginson [1984], Blanch flower [1986] and Stewart [1991], to arrive at the rate of change of wage equation, one has to include industry specific variables like the proportion of women employees in an industry, monopoly power of the product, research & development expenses and five-firm concentration ratio. (Driffield 1999) According to Nigel Driffield, if FDI directly causes a decline in domestic sales and in domestic employment, then it will be referred by variable [SALE]. In case, if there is employment substitution, then it will be picked by negative coefficient on the foreign employment. [EMPF]. If there is factor substitution, then it will be measured by coefficient on capital investment. [CAPITAL] variables. On the basis of above assumption, Nigel Driffield has developed equation to test these hypotheses. With the help of these equations, it is easy to study the following. ? The degree to which manufacturing jobs generated by foreign companies in UK is able to create changes in the labour market for manual labour. ? To find out how FDI will increase the industry –level wages and minimize employment. Nigel Driffield has tested these hypotheses in two separate time periods from 1986 to 1989 and from 1989 to 1992. It is to be noted that the first period i. e. 1986 to 1989 observeed a key growth in manufacturing immediately following recession of the early part of the 1980’s. The second period, i. e. 1989 to 1992 witnessed a continued decline in employment and manufacturing output. Further, in these above periods, there had been a major increase in the foreign share of manufacturing in UK. Nigel Driffield has revealed in his research that during first period the FDI has pushed up the domestic wage and also caused employment substitution away from the domestic sector. (Driffield 1999) Nigel Driffield study also reveals that there is correlation between flow of FDI and decrease in employment and it also creates an employment substitution of 20 per cent which is equivalent to roughly 5 per cent of the net fall in UK manufacturing employment over the period. Nigel also tired to prove that FDI flow will enhance productivity through factor substitution. He finally concludes that it is not probable to recognize any material deviation between the sales / employment ratio changes for the above mentioned time periods and hence flow of FDI has little effect on domestic capital intensity. He also finds that though there was a slight fall in employment in the above mentioned periods due to flow of FDI in UK, this cannot be attributed to factor substitution.

Why Lance Armstrong Was Shunned

Lance Armstrong’s D Even good people get shunned every once in a while. Lance Armstrong is a perfect example of this. Even though he had done much good in his life, and he had been though a lot, people still shunned him. Lance Armstrong would scarlet letter tear a D for drugs, just like Hester Prynne had to wear the scarlet letter A for her adultery. From the years 1999 to 2005, Lance Armstrong used Performance- Enhancing drugs. During this time period he had won the Tour de France 7 times, which cause controversy in the biking world.Because of his use of drugs, the USADA, U. S. Against Drugs Agency, decided to recently press charges in June of 2012. Lance Armstrong was not just shunned by the Media, but also by his team-mates. It was said that while the USADA was pressing charges against him, five of his former teammates were planning on testifying against him. Lance Armstrong was shunned by the biking community as a whole also. Recently, in 2012, the International Cycling Un ion has declared that he has been stripped of all his Tour titles, as long as all of his awards he won from 1999 to 2005.They also stated that he is no longer able to participate in the sport for life. Lance Armstrong and Hester Prynne can relate through their shunning. They were both shunned by their so called friends. As Lance was betrayed by his team mates, Hester was betrayed by people she called her friend and by the rest of the society. Another was that the two can relate is because they both accept their wrong-doing. Lance accepted his reticule about being not able to compete anymore, as Hester did her punishment of having to wear the A.Just as Hester has to wear the A for eternity, Lance is not able to participate in his passion for the rest of his life, therefore they are both sentenced to their punishment forever. Even though what Lance did was bad, he did not deserve such a severe punishment, just as Hester does not deserve hers. Even though what they both did was frowned upon in their society, having to deal with the punishment for eternity is wrong. Lance Armstrong only deserves to wear his D for a little while, not forever.